torculus Latin · revision 33458

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=la torqueō}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''torculus''' (feminine torcula, neuter torculum); first/second-declension adjective^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|torqueō|-ulus|t1=to twist]], from the stem ⟨torc-⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[m|la|torqueō]], which he explains as an old causative verb that goes back to [[itc-pro|*torkʷ-eie-]] and [[ine-pro|*torkʷ-eie-|t=to twist]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cato is the first to use it,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) in his book on farming, of the vessels and ropes of a wine or olive press (''vāsa torcula'', ''fūnis torculus'').^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adjective it belongs to the wine or olive press,^(OLD 2012) and Lewis & Short treat it as a synonym of ''torculārius''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Its neuter, ''torculum'', became the noun “press”, in Varro, Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) In Ecclesiastical Latin a masculine noun ''torculus'' names a group of three notes in chant, of which the middle one is the highest.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato writes of press vessels and ropes.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses the noun ''torculum'', “press”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses ''torculum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Ecclesiastical Latin – A noun ''torculus'' names a group of three notes in chant.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or belonging to a [[m|en|wine press]] or [[m|en|olive]] press.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' A [[m|en|neume]] of three notes, of which the middle one is higher than the others.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[torculum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[torqueō]]

+ * [[torcular]]

+ * [[torculārius]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The neuter ''torculum'' (second declension) is used as a noun for the press itself, from Varro on;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(de Vaan 2008) compare [[torcular]] and [[torculārium]], also “press”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}