emendatio Latin · revision 33455

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la mendum}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ēmendātiō''' ''f'' (genitive ēmendātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ēmendō|-tiō|t1=to free from faults, correct]].^(TLL)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) That verb is formed from ⟨ex-⟩ “out” and [[m|la|menda|t=fault, blemish]].^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) De Vaan takes that noun as the old plural of [[m|la|mendum]], which goes back to [[itc-pro|*m(e)ndo-]]; if [[sga|mind|t=sign, mark]] is related, the word is Italo-Celtic, and a link with the root [[ine-pro|*mn-|t=to think]] is only a theoretical possibility.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it first in Varro and then in Cicero,^(TLL) who speaks ironically of a ''correctiō philosophiae veteris et ēmendātiō'', “a correction and improvement of the old philosophy”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the removal of faults: the correction of people, their character and behaviour,^(OLD 2012) of writings and calculations,^(OLD 2012) and of a bad situation,^(OLD 2012) or a means of improvement, as when Quintilian says that if war is the cause of evils, peace will be their corrective.^(OLD 2012) In rhetoric it is an apology for something one has said.^(OLD 2012) The TLL notes that it is a prose word, absent from the poets.^(TLL) Christian writers use it of the amendment of life, as Tertullian's ''per ēmendātiōnem vītae'',^(TLL) and in Ecclesiastical Latin it is correction, conversion and betterment.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin gave it legal and penal senses: reform, repentance, the redress of wrongs and administration of justice, indemnity, atonement, punishment, a fine, and a finable offence;^(Niermeyer 1976) British texts also use it of the emendation of a text, the amendment of a law, and the repair of roads and buildings.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of the correction of the old philosophy.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of correcting people through punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it as a figure of rhetoric.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian writes of the amendment of life.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 405 AD – The Theodosian Code uses it of correcting a wrong belief.^(TLL)

+ * Medieval Latin – It comes to mean redress of wrongs, atonement and a fine.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|correction|alt=Correction]], [[m|en|amendment]], removal of faults, of persons and their conduct; also criticism.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Correction of writings or calculations; [[m|en|emendation]].^(OLD 2012)^(DMLBS)

+ # Improvement of a bad situation; a means of improvement, a [[m|en|corrective]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(rhetoric)'' An apology for what one has said, made in anticipation of the audience's criticism.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Conversion, amendment of life.^(Stelten 1995)^(TLL)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Reform; [[m|en|repentance]]; redress of wrongs, administration of justice.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Indemnity, [[m|en|atonement]]; punishment; a [[m|en|fine]]; a finable offence.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Amendment of a law; repair of roads or buildings.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ēmendō]]

+ * [[mendum]]

+ * [[menda]]

+ * [[ēmendātor]]

+ * [[en|emend]]

+ * [[en|amend]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}