retinaculum Latin · revision 33446

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=la teneō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [rɛ.tɪˈnaː.kʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [re.tiˈnaː.ku.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''retināculum''' ''n'' (genitive retināculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is almost always plural.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Prudentius has a syncopated ''retināclum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|retineō|-culum|t1=to hold back]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the simple verb [[m|la|teneō|t=to hold]] to [[itc-pro|*t(e)nē-]] and [[ine-pro|*tn-eh₁-|t=to hold]], a stative present to the root meaning “to stretch”; he finds the long ⟨ā⟩ of this noun unexpected and asks whether it was influenced by [[m|la|tenāx|t=holding tight]] and ⟨tenācia⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis & Short cite it first from Cato's book on farming;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler's first author is Horace.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is anything that holds a thing fast: Virgil has farmers making ties of Amerian willow for the vine,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Livy a vessel tied to the bank with many strong cables,^(Conte 2010) and Propertius says that two hawsers hold a ship better than one.^(OLD 2012) Columella uses it of the ropes that hold young bullocks,^(OLD 2012) Virgil of reins that a charioteer pulls in vain,^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and Horace of the rope of a mule that a lazy boatman ties to a stone.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Figuratively it is a bond or tie: Pliny the Younger writes ''vītae retināculum abrūpit'', of someone who broke the bonds of life,^(Conte 2010)^(Georges 1913) and Ammianus calls the laws the lasting ties of freedom.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Medieval writers kept the senses of rope, mooring cable and bond.^(DMLBS) It is also a term of modern anatomy.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it in his book on farming.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of ties for vines and of reins.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of a towing rope.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of mooring cables.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of a tether.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 390 AD – Ammianus uses it figuratively of the laws.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1185 – A Scottish charter uses it of the mooring cables of ships.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|rope]] or cord that holds something fast; a tie.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|hawser]], [[m|en|cable]] for mooring a boat.^(OLD 2012)^(DMLBS)

+ # A [[m|en|tether]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|rein]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # A [[m|en|towrope|alt=towing rope]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A [[m|en|bond]], tie (figurative).^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(New Latin, anatomy)'' A [[m|en|retinaculum]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[retineō]]

+ * [[teneō]]

+ * [[tenāx]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}