cis Latin · revision 33442

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ḱi}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈt͡ʃis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cis''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*ki|t=here, by]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ḱi|t=this here]], a variant of the pronoun stem [[m|ine-pro|*ḱe]] that Latin also has in [[m|la|-ce]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan thinks the final ⟨-s⟩ may be analogical, after ⟨abs⟩, ⟨usque⟩ and ⟨ex⟩, so that the old word remained in use until fairly late and shifted from a pronoun to a preposition.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[xum|çimu|t=back]], [[hit|kā-|t=this]], [[lt|šìs|t=this]] and [[got|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰|tr=himma|t=to this]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler record it first in Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of time: ''cis herclē paucās tempestātēs'', “within a few seasons, by Hercules”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In space it means on this side of, the opposite of ⟨uls⟩, ''ultrā'' and ''trāns''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cato speaks of the Gallic land ''quī virītim cis Arīminum datus est'', “which was given out to individuals on this side of Ariminum”,^(OLD 2012) and Caesar of Germans ''quī cis Rhēnum incolunt'', “who live on this side of the Rhine”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) With verbs of motion it means to this side of, as in Varro's ''cis Tiberim redeundum est'', “we must go back across the Tiber”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short note that it is far rarer than [[citrā]], and that the sense “within” in time is found only in Plautus, always with ''paucī'', and in post-classical writers such as Aurelius Victor.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) It formed compounds such as ''Cisalpīnus'' and ''Cisrhēnānus''.^(TLL)^(MLW) Medieval writers used it of place and motion, in the sense “before, near”, and sometimes, by confusion, for “beyond”.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of time.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of the land on this side of Ariminum.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it with a verb of motion.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar has ''cis Rhēnum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 899 – A Freising charter has ''cis Cumīnōs montēs''.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # (with accusative, of time) [[m|en|within]], before.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (of place) On this side of, on the near side of.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (of motion) To this side of, [[m|en|across]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Before, near; by confusion, [[m|en|beyond]].^(MLW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cisalpīnus]]

+ * [[cismontānus]]

+ * [[Cisrhenānus]]

+ * [[citer]]

+ * [[citerior]]

+ * [[citimus]]

+ * [[citrā]]

+ * [[citrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hic]]

+ * [[ecce]]

+ * [[uls]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}