exactio Latin · revision 33441

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la agō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈsaːk.ti.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzak.t͡si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exāctiō''' ''f'' (genitive exāctiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|exigō|-tiō|t1=to drive out; to demand]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the simple verb [[m|la|agō|t=to drive, do]] to [[itc-pro|*ag-e/o-|t=to do, act]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂eǵ-e/o-|t=to drive, lead]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of the expulsion of the kings;^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short suggest that he chose it there only because ''exāctīs rēgibus'' precedes.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The usual sense was the calling in of money: Cicero writes of waiting for the full collection of his debts,^(Conte 2010) and Asinius Pollio, in a letter to Cicero, of gold raised from public taxes.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Cicero also uses it of the supervision of public works,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Columella of the daily task demanded of a worker.^(Lewis & Short 1879) From the collecting came the tax itself: Cicero mentions harsh taxes on heads and doors,^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tacitus illegal exactions,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Suetonius' life of Horace calls the poet's father an ''exāctiōnum coāctor'', a collector of payments.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Vitruvius uses it of the precise carrying out of a design, and of right proportion.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) In Christian Latin it is the levying of tribute,^(Stelten 1995)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and in Medieval Latin an exaction, a toll or tax, management and a claim at law.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW) English took ''exaction'' in the late 14th century, from Old French and directly from Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of expulsion, of debts and of taxes.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of exact execution.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of a daily task.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus speaks of illegal exactions.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Medieval Latin – It means an exaction, management and a claim at law.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ * late 14th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|exaction]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A driving out, [[m|en|expulsion]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The calling in or [[m|en|collection]] of taxes or debts.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The enforcement of work; the supervision of public works.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|tax]], [[m|en|tribute]], impost.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # The precise carrying out of a design; right proportion.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' An [[m|en|exaction]]; management; a claim at law.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exigō]]

+ * [[exāctor]]

+ * [[agō]]

+ * [[en|exaction]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}