percolo Latin · revision 33412

+ {{homograph|1|cultivate, honour}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *kwelh1-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''percolō''' (present infinitive percolere, perfect active percoluī, supine percultum); third conjugation^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning to cultivate is [[af|la|per-|colō#1|t1=thoroughly|t2=to till, tend, worship]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|colō#1]] to [[itc-pro|*kwele/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*kwelh1-e/o-|t=to go round]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sa|चरति|tr=cárati|t=to move, walk]] and [[grc|πέλομαι|tr=pélomai|t=to move]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it in Plautus and then from Tacitus on.^(TLL) In the ''Poenulus'' it means to adorn carefully, of a woman who, though washed, is as good as unwashed unless she is well groomed: ''quae lauta est nisi perculta est … quasi inluta est'';^(OLD 2012) in the ''Trinummus'' it is to honour one's father dutifully, ''patrem tuom si percoles per pietatem''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Tacitus uses it of earlier writers who embellished with eloquence what had not yet been ascertained, of honouring men with prefectures and senatorial rank, and of paying court to a man's wife and children.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Younger uses it of completing what he had begun.^(OLD 2012) Apuleius, in whom the TLL counts it about ten times,^(TLL) has it of cultivating the Eleusinian soil, of grooming the mouth, of worshipping Cupid and Isis, and of devoting oneself to studies and wisdom.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it to reverence, honour, adorn, decorate.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of adorning and of honouring a father.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus, of adorning and honouring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius, of cultivating the soil and worshipping gods.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|cultivate]] (the soil).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To adorn or [[m|en|embellish]] carefully.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To treat (gods, superiors) with respect, [[m|en|honour]], worship.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To devote oneself to (studies, pursuits); to perfect, finish.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[percultor]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|strain, filter}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=la cōlum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pɛrˈkoː.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [perˈkɔː.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''percōlō''' (present infinitive percōlāre, perfect active percōlāvī, supine percōlātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning to strain is [[af|la|per-|cōlō#2|t1=through|t2=to strain, filter]],^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) and [[m|la|cōlō#2]] comes from [[m|la|cōlum|t=sieve, strainer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds the origin of [[m|la|cōlum]] unclear: it has been taken as the same word as [[m|la|caulae|t=lattice barrier]], since the oldest sieve was a wicker basket, but he prefers a joint explanation with [[m|la|quālum|t=basket]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cato, in his work on farming, writes ''tum vinum percolato'', “then strain the wine”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The TLL notes that it is mostly passive and that grammarians assign it to the first conjugation.^(TLL) Celsus, Columella and Pliny the Elder use it of straining through a filter or sieve.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of any substance that lets liquid through it is to filter: Lucretius has moisture that percolates through the earth and grows mild,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Vitruvius melted snow filtering through the veins of the earth,^(OLD 2012) and Pliny the Elder soil that lets heavy rain pass through.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note a general sense, to make something pass through, as food and drink.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato, of straining wine.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius, of moisture filtering through the earth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius, of melted snow.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1620s – English [[m|en|percolate]], “to strain through”, from its participle or from ''percolation''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To strain, put through a [[m|en|filter]] or [[m|en|sieve]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a permeable substance, to let (liquid) through;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''(passive)'' to trickle, [[m|en|percolate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[percōlātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|percolate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}