profligatus Latin · revision 33393

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la flīgō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [proː.fliːˈɡaː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [pro.fliˈɡaː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōflīgātus''' (feminine prōflīgāta, neuter prōflīgātum, superlative prōflīgātissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Used as an adjective, it is the perfect participle [[der|la|prōflīgō|t=to strike down, overthrow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) That verb is a compound of [[m|la|prō-]] and [[m|la|flīgō|t=to strike]],^(Etymonline) a verb de Vaan finds in Livius Andronicus and Accius and connects with [[grc|φλίβω|tr=phlíbō|t=to rub, crush]] and [[lv|blaîzît|t=to squeeze, beat, rub]], though the forms cannot be traced to one identical preform.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who in the Verrine speeches calls the senatorial courts ''perdita profligataque'', “ruined and wretched”, and has the superlative ''omnium mortalium profligatissime ac perditissime'', “most abandoned and most depraved of all men”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short separate the senses “wretched, vile” and, morally, “corrupt, dissolute, abandoned”;^(Lewis & Short 1879) the OLD gives only “dissolute, depraved”.^(OLD 2012) Georges adds a use of time, “far advanced”, as Seneca's ''profligatae aetatis'', “of advanced age”, and the phrase ''in profligato esse'', “to be nearly finished”, which Gellius records.^(Georges 1913) That use follows the verb, which also meant to bring something almost to an end.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Etymonline traces English [[m|en|profligate]] to it: in the 1520s the English word meant “overthrown, routed”, from the 1640s “ruined in morals”, and by 1779 “recklessly extravagant”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, “wretched” and “abandoned, depraved”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca, of age “far advanced”.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius records ''in profligato esse'', “nearly finished”.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1520s – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|profligate]], “overthrown”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|wretched|alt=Wretched]], miserable, vile.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|dissolute|alt=Dissolute]], [[m|en|profligate]], [[m|en|depraved]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of time or age: far advanced;^(Georges 1913) ''in profligātō esse'', to be nearly finished.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[prōflīgō]]

+ * [[afflīgō]]

+ * [[cōnflīgō]]

+ * [[en|profligate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}