circummunio Latin · revision 33389

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *moini-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɪr.kʊmˈmuː.ni.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [t͡ʃir.kumˈmuː.ni.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''circummūniō''' (present infinitive circummūnīre, perfect active circummūnīvī, supine circummūnītum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the old spelling ''circummoenītī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+ Manuscripts often confuse it with ''circumvenīre''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|circum-|mūniō|t1=around|t2=to fortify]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it, from Plautus on, among the derivatives of [[m|la|moenia|t=walls]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*moini-|t=protective wall]] and, with a question mark, [[ine-pro|*(H)moi-ni-|t=construction]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found first in Plautus,^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) where a character says ''ita vinclis custodiisque circummoeniti sumus'', “so walled in are we by chains and guards”.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short note that it is frequent in the historians and rare elsewhere.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Its main use is military: to shut in by a wall or siegeworks, as in Caesar of enemies enclosed with a rampart and ditch, or held in by a chain of forts, and in the ''Bellum Africum'' and the ''Bellum Hispaniense''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Caesar also uses it of men shut in like wild beasts.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Columella uses it in farming for fencing round an orchard with a wall or ditch, protecting young plants with cages, and staking vines all round with reeds.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, ''circummoenītī'', “walled in” by chains and guards.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar, of shutting in an enemy with siegeworks.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella, of fencing an orchard.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To surround with a [[m|en|wall]] or [[m|en|siegeworks]]; to shut in, [[m|en|blockade]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fence round; to secure all round.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circummūnītiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mūniō]]

+ * [[moenia]]

+ * [[commūniō#1]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}