ferociter Latin · revision 33387

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰueh₁ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [fɛˈroː.kɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [feˈrɔː.t͡ʃi.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ferōciter''' (comparative ferōcius, superlative ferōcissimē, adjective ferōx)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ferōx|-ter|t1=wild, fierce]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|ferōx]] from [[m|la|ferus|t=wild]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*χwero-]] and [[ine-pro|*ǵʰueh₁ro-|t=wild animal]], cognate with [[grc|θήρ|tr=thḗr|t=wild animal]] and [[lt|žvėrìs]]; he suggests, though it can be disputed, that ⟨ferōx⟩ is one of the sources of the suffix ⟨-ōx⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its earliest citation in the OLD is in Plautus' ''Amphitruo'': ''superbe nimis ferociter legatos nostros increpant'', “they rebuke our envoys too proudly and insolently”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its senses follow the adjective: fiercely, aggressively, as in Sallust's ''pauci ferocius decernunt'', “a few vote more fiercely”; arrogantly, insolently or defiantly, as in Plautus and Cicero's ''aspere et ferociter et libere dicta'', words spoken harshly, defiantly and freely; and boldly, with spirit, as in Cicero's ''respondisti plane ferociter'', “you answered quite boldly”, in the ''Philippics''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Livy uses it of brave deeds in war and of riding up boldly, and Tacitus of delivering instructions defiantly.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, “insolently”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, “defiantly” and “boldly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust, “fiercely”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of brave deeds in war.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|fierce|alt=Fiercely]], [[m|en|ferociously]], aggressively.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|arrogant|alt=Arrogantly]], [[m|en|insolently]], defiantly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Boldly, with spirit, [[m|en|courageously]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ferōx]]

+ * [[ferōcia]]

+ * [[ferus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}