muralis Latin · revision 33355

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *(H)moi-ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [muːˈraː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [muˈraː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mūrālis''' (neuter mūrāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|mūrus|-ālis|t1=wall]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|mūrus]], older ⟨moerus⟩ and ⟨moirus⟩, to [[itc-pro|*moi-ro-]] and [[ine-pro|*(H)moi-ro-|t=building]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler record it from Lucretius,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of the turreted crown on the head of Cybele: ''murali … caput … cinxere corona''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means of or belonging to a wall, especially a city wall: Vitruvius gives the thickness of the walls, and Silius Italicus has ditches below the walls.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Herba mūrālis'', the wall plant, is probably feverfew in Celsus and Pliny the Elder;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short take it for pellitory of the wall.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of weapons it means used to attack or defend walls: Caesar has wall hooks and wall javelins, and Virgil a stone flung from a siege engine.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Silius it describes a blow with the force of a battering ram.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The ''corōna mūrālis'' was a crown shaped like a turreted wall, given to the soldier who first climbed the enemy's wall;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Livy, Suetonius and Gellius describe it, and Seneca uses ''mūrālis'' alone for it.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius, of a turreted crown.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar, of wall hooks and javelins.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of the crown given to the first man on the wall.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English [[m|en|mural]] comes from it, first as an adjective.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or connected with a [[m|en|wall]], especially a city wall.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of weapons, used to attack or defend walls; having the force of a [[m|en|battering ram]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of a crown, made like a turreted wall: ''corōna mūrālis'', the [[m|en|mural crown]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mūrus]]

+ * [[pōmērium]]

+ * [[en|mural]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}