contumaciter Latin · revision 33316

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la contumāx}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɔn.tʊˈmaː.kɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kon.tuˈmaː.t͡ʃi.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''contumāciter''' (comparative contumācius, superlative contumācissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+ The comparative is ''contumācius''.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|contumāx|-ter|t1=stubborn, defiant]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The origin of [[m|la|contumāx]] is uncertain: the OLD suggests [[m|la|con-]] with the root of [[m|la|temnō|t=to despise]] or [[m|la|tumeō|t=to swell]],^(OLD 2012) and de Vaan a verb ⟨*con-tumeō⟩ “to be proud”, noting that ⟨percontumāx⟩ is attested earlier.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of writing proudly or without sparing someone's feelings, and of rejecting something defiantly.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means stubbornly or defiantly, usually in a bad sense:^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Livy has it of doing everything defiantly, Nepos the comparative of behaving rather defiantly, and Suetonius of obeying rather unwillingly.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) In a good sense Seneca uses it of steadfastness.^(Gaffiot 2016) In medieval law it means by default, in contumacy.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of writing proudly.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 100–24 BC – Nepos, the comparative ''contumācius''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of acting defiantly.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca, of steadfastness.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Medieval Latin – By default, in a lawsuit.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|stubbornly|alt=Stubbornly]], [[m|en|defiantly]], obstinately, inflexibly.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Proudly, without sparing;^(Gaffiot 2016) with steadfastness.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, law)'' By [[m|en|default]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[contumāx]]

+ * [[contumācia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}