murmuro Latin · revision 33299

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=onomatopoeia|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *mr-mr-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈmʊr.mʊ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈmur.mu.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''murmurō''' (present infinitive murmurāre, perfect active murmurāvī, supine murmurātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ A deponent ''murmuror'' is found in Claudius Quadrigarius, Varro and the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|murmur|-ō|t1=murmur]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan, however, notes that [[m|la|murmur]] is attested later than the verb and may be derived from it; he traces the family to [[itc-pro|*mo/ur-mo/ur-ā-]] and [[ine-pro|*mr-mr-]], a reduplicated formation of a kind found throughout Indo-European.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sa|मर्मर|tr=marmara-|t=roaring]], [[grc|μορμύρω|tr=mormúrō|t=to roar and boil]] and [[lt|murmė́ti|t=to grumble, murmur]].^(de Vaan 2008) Varro already explains it as named from a likeness of sound.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates the verb from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has it of rumbling guts, ''mihi intestina murmurant'', and of a woman muttering to herself.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to make a low continuous sound, to rumble, roar or hum, of things,^(OLD 2012) and to speak in a low or indistinct voice, to mutter or murmur.^(OLD 2012) Ovid uses it of a lifeless tongue murmuring something tearful.^(OLD 2012) It also means to mutter angrily, to grumble, and transitively to complain of: Plautus has slaves who grumble although their master allows it.^(OLD 2012) The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' lists it beside [[mūgiō]] among verbs made from natural sounds.^(TLL) In Church Latin it is to murmur, grumble or complain.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|murmur]] (late 14th century) comes from it through Old French ''murmurer''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of rumbling and of muttering.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro, on the sound of the word.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid, of a murmuring tongue.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|murmur]], through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make a low continuous sound, to [[m|en|rumble]], roar, hum.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To speak in a low voice, to [[m|en|mutter]], [[m|en|murmur]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) to utter in subdued tones.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To mutter angrily, to [[m|en|grumble]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) to complain of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[immurmurō]]

+ * [[murmurābundus]]

+ * [[murmurātiō]]

+ * [[murmurātor]]

+ * [[murmurillō]]

+ * [[submurmurō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[murmur]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}