patibulum Latin · revision 33274

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *patē-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [paˈtɪ.bʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [paˈtiː.bu.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''patibulum''' ''n'' (genitive patibulī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ A masculine ''patibulus'' occurs in Varro and Clodius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|pateō|-bulum|t1=to be open, extend]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) formed like [[m|la|latibulum]] beside [[m|la|lateō]].^(TLL) Wiktionary takes it literally as a device on which one is stretched out.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains [[m|la|pateō]], from [[itc-pro|*patē-]], as an inner-Italic formation on a base ⟨*pat-⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) The ancient grammarians derived it from [[m|la|pateō]] or [[m|la|patior|t=to suffer]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who has someone made to carry the ''patibulum'' through the city and then be fastened to the cross.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was a fork-shaped yoke put on the necks of criminals, with their hands tied to it, and also a fork-shaped gibbet;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Plautus speaks of carrying it with arms spread out.^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan glosses it as a horizontal beam or crossbar.^(de Vaan 2008) Cato uses it of a fork-shaped prop for vines,^(OLD 2012) and according to Nonius it was also a bar for fastening a door, as in Titinius.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin has it as yoke, gibbet and ignominy.^(Stelten 1995) In medieval texts it is the Cross, a cross-shaped staff, the gallows, a dungeon, and torture.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of the criminal's yoke.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato, of a prop for vines.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * end of the 2nd/beginning of the 1st century BC – Titinius, of a door bar.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Medieval Latin – The Cross; the gallows.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A fork-shaped [[m|en|yoke]] or [[m|en|gibbet]] to which criminals were fastened.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A fork-shaped prop for vines.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A bar for fastening a door.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The [[m|en|Cross]]; the [[m|en|gallows]]; a dungeon; torture.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pateō]]

+ * [[patibulātus]]

+ * [[crux]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}