amaritudo Latin · revision 33272

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la amārus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [a.maː.rɪˈtuː.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [a.ma.riˈtuː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''amāritūdō''' ''f'' (genitive amāritūdinis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|amārus|-tūdō|t1=bitter]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds the origin of [[m|la|amārus]] uncertain; he thinks a link with [[sa|अम्ल|tr=amlá-|t=sour]] and [[non|apr|t=sharp, cold]] more convincing in meaning than one with [[grc|ὠμός|tr=ōmós|t=raw]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Varro,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who says that the palate rejects olives for their bitterness.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is bitterness of taste,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) in Varro and Pliny the Elder; the TLL notes that it is absent from poetry as well as from Cicero, Caesar, Sallust, Livy and Vitruvius.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Quintilian uses it of a harsh, almost unmusical voice, for which the Greeks used the word for bitterness.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is bitterness of feeling, acrimony or harshness, as Valerius Maximus' bitterness of hatred, and also grief or sorrow.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The Vulgate explains the place name Mara as “bitterness”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin has it as bitterness, anguish.^(Stelten 1995) The TLL notes that it continues in French [[m|fr|amertume]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro, of bitter olives.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder, of bitter taste.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian, of a harsh voice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate, of the waters of Mara.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|bitterness|alt=Bitterness]] of taste.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Harshness of sound.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Bitterness of feeling, [[m|en|acrimony]], harshness;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) grief, [[m|en|sorrow]], anguish.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[amāricō]]

+ * [[amāritās]]

+ * [[amāriter]]

+ * [[amāritiēs]]

+ * [[amāror]]

+ * [[amārulentia]]

+ * [[amārulentus]]

+ * [[amārus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}