exstimulo Latin · revision 33235

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=43 BC–18 AD, Ovid}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛks(ː)tɪ.mʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eksˈstiː.mu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exstimulō''' (present infinitive exstimulāre, perfect active exstimulāvī, supine exstimulātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Also ''extimulō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|stimulō|t2=to goad]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) from [[m|la|stimulus|t=goad]].^(Wiktionary) The TLL glosses it as to goad strongly.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Ovid is the earliest author in the OLD's and Lewis & Short's citations: a tigress spurred by hunger, rousing someone with words, and a prayer to hasten lingering fate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short note that it is poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879) In the literal sense it is to prick or goad, as Pliny the Elder's creatures pricked with a sting.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) More often it is to stir up or incite: Columella rouses the lust of a herd, Seneca says such praise spurs the minds of young men, and Tacitus has a man urged on by freedmen.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Silius has hearts roused to the fury of war, and Prudentius minds stirred by reproach and prayer.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Church Latin has “excite, stimulate, goad, instigate, prick”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid, of a tigress spurred by hunger.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella, of rousing a herd.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca, of spurring young minds.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus, of being urged on by freedmen.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|goad]], [[m|en|prick]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To stir up, [[m|en|incite]], [[m|en|instigate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exstimulātor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stimulō]]

+ * [[stimulus]]

+ * [[īnstimulō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}