ius Latin · revision 3322

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *h₂ey-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjuːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūs''' ''n'' (genitive iūris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Archaic inscriptions spell it ''ious''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*jowos|t=oath, law]], which de Vaan derives from [[ine-pro|*h₂óyu|t=vital force, eternity]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary gives [[ine-pro|*h₂yew-|t=straight, right]], an extended form of the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₂ey-|t=vital force]], also the source of [[aevum]] and [[iuvenis]].^(Wiktionary) From it came [[iustus|alt=iūstus]] “just” and the verb [[iuro|alt=iūrāre]] “to swear”, already found as [[m|la|iouesat]] on the Duenos inscription.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[sga|uisse|t=just, fitting]], [[sa|योस्|tr=yóṣ|t=welfare]] and [[ae|yaoš|t=life, health]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It appears in the Laws of the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Plautus calls a schemer “the maker of all laws and rights”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant [[m|en|law]], what is sanctioned or ordained, as Cicero asks whether law exists among men by nature or by opinion.^(OLD 2012) It was a legal system, so that a ''iuris consultus'' was a lawyer and ''iuris prudentia'' jurisprudence, and a particular rule.^(OLD 2012) ''Ius dicere'' was to administer justice, ''ius iurandum'' was an oath, and ''in ius vocare'' to summon to court, as in Plautus' ''ambula in ius'', “come to court”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ It also meant what is right and equitable, and unwritten codes such as ''ius gentium'', the law of nations.^(OLD 2012) It was the duties and claims of a relationship, one's due or right, the right to do something, legal standing, and authority or jurisdiction.^(OLD 2012) Medieval Latin also used it for a due or tax.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''just'', ''justice'' and ''jury'' come from its relatives ''iustus'', ''iustitia'' and ''iurare''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for laws and for the court.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for law, rights and ''ius gentium''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-12th century – English ''justice'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * late 14th century – English ''just'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Law]], right.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A legal system, ''iuris consultus'' a lawyer.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A rule, ordinance.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A legal ruling, ''ius dicere'' to administer justice.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''ius iurandum'' An oath.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A court of law, ''in ius vocare'' to summon to court.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Equity, [[m|en|justice]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''ius gentium'' The law of nations.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A right, due, privilege.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Authority, [[m|en|jurisdiction]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A due, tax.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[iniūrius]]

+ * [[iūrecōnsultus]]

+ * [[iūridicus]]

+ * [[iūriscōnsultus]]

+ * [[iūrisdictiō]]

+ * [[iūrisperītus]]

+ * [[iūrisprūdentia]]

+ * [[iurisonus]]

+ * [[iūsiūrandum]]

+ * [[iūstitium]]

+ * [[iūstus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aevum]]

+ * [[iūgis]]

+ * [[iuvenis]]

+ * [[iūrō]]

+ * [[iūdex]]

+ * [[en|just]]

+ * [[en|justice]]

+ * [[en|jury]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A different word, ''iūs'' “broth, sauce”, comes from [[ine-pro|*yewHs|t=soup]] and is cognate with [[sa|यूष|tr=yūṣa|t=soup]], and Plautus and Cicero use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}