gigno Latin · revision 3319

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵenh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡɪŋ.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈd͡ʒiɲ.ɲo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gignō''' (present infinitive gignere, perfect active genuī, supine genitum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Latin also has an unreduplicated present ''genō'', used until Varro.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*gignō]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ǵi-ǵnh₁-e/o-|t=to beget]], the reduplicated present of the root [[m|ine-pro|*ǵenh₁-|t=to beget, be born]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The participle [[m|la|genitus]] is a later formation, made on the perfect [[m|la|genuī]], replacing the old participle preserved in [[nascor|alt=nātus]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[grc|γίγνομαι|tr=gígnomai|t=to be born, become]], [[sa|जनति|tr=jánati|t=begets]] and [[sga|gainithir|t=is born]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus onwards.^(de Vaan 2008) Ennius has the people cry, “O Romulus, what a guardian of the fatherland the gods begot in you!”^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to beget or bring into being, of gods, fathers and mothers, as Ennius' “Saturn, whom Caelus begot”, and in the passive to be born.^(OLD 2012) A country was said to give birth to its citizens, as in Cicero, and nature to produce things, as Plautus' land “where incense grows”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It meant to produce or give rise to abstract things, as Cicero's “virtue begets friendship”, and to produce by thought, as a man who “begot eloquence in this city”.^(OLD 2012) In philosophy the passive was “to be coming into being”, as opposed to eternal being, in Cicero's ''Timaeus''.^(OLD 2012) From it come [[genitor]], [[genetrix]] and [[ingenium]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) English ''genuine'' comes from its derivative ''genuinus'', and ''generate'' from the related ''generare''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for things growing and men being born.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of gods begetting Romulus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro still uses the old present ''genit''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for virtue begetting friendship.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1590s – English ''genuine'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|beget]], bear, bring forth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(passive)'' To be born.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of a country, of nature)'' To produce.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To cause, give rise to.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To produce (by the mind).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(philosophy, passive)'' To come into being.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[congenitus]]

+ * [[ēgignō]]

+ * [[Genita]]

+ * [[genitābilis]]

+ * [[genitūra]]

+ * [[genitus]]

+ * [[genuīnus]]

+ * [[indigenus]]

+ * [[ingenitus]]

+ * [[ingignō]]

+ * [[postgenitus]]

+ * [[prōgignō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gēns]]

+ * [[genus]]

+ * [[gnātus]]

+ * [[nātus]]

+ * [[nāscor]]

+ * [[en|genuine]]

+ * [[en|generate]]

+ * [[en|genitive]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''creare'', to call something into being by one's own will, from ''gignere'', to bring it forth by procreation or birth.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}