protero Latin · revision 33119

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *terh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈproː.tɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈprɔː.te.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōterō''' (present infinitive prōterere, perfect active prōtrīvī, supine prōtrītum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prō-|terō|t2=to rub]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|terō]] to [[itc-pro|*tera-]] and [[ine-pro|*terh₁-|t=to rub]], with cognates such as [[grc|τείρω|tr=teírō|t=to oppress, distress]] and [[grc|τρίβω|tr=tríbō|t=to rub, wear out]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it first, in the ''Truculentus'': someone threatens to trample a woman underfoot like a sow her piglets.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to tread underfoot, trample down: Caesar has cavalry trampling the enemy from behind, Virgil a chariot crushing ranks, Ovid flowering fields trodden down, and Valerius Maximus men thrown down to be trampled by elephants.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Columella uses it of treading out grain,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Cicero, in his ''Aratea'', of the tracks that stars wear in their course.^(OLD 2012) Statius has limbs crushed with beams.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to crush, defeat or oppress: Horace has the Carthaginians crushed in war, Tacitus a battle line broken, and Cicero someone to be trampled and crushed at home.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Horace also uses it of the seasons, summer driving out spring.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The participle ''prōtrītus'' is worn out by use, trite, in Gellius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Stelten gives "tread down, trample under foot" for Church Latin,^(Stelten 1995) and Gregory of Tours has an infinitive ''prōterīre'' and a perfect ''prōteruit''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of trampling underfoot.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of cavalry trampling the enemy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of oppression and of the tracks of the stars.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of summer driving out spring.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius of trite words.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To tread underfoot, [[m|en|trample]] down, crush; to tread out (grain); to batter down.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To crush, [[m|en|oppress]], [[m|en|overthrow]], defeat; to drive out, supplant.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make trite by overuse.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[prōtrīmentum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[terō]]

+ * [[conculcō]]

+ * [[prōculcō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}