praes Latin · revision 33102

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *uodʰ-s}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈprae̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈprɛs]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''praes''' ''m'' (genitive praedis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription has the nominative singular ''praees''.^(OLD 2012)

+ The old nominative plural ''praevidēs'' is in an inscription.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound of [[m|la|prae-|t=before]] and [[m|la|vas|t=surety]], as the OLD and Wiktionary have it.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL takes the old form ⟨praevid-⟩ as proof that it belongs with [[m|la|vas]], but says that how it was formed is not quite clear.^(TLL) Leumann explained it from an accusative ⟨*prai-widem⟩ from ⟨*prae-wad-em⟩, and de Vaan traces [[m|la|vas]] to [[itc-pro|*woss]] and a root noun [[ine-pro|*uodʰ-s|t=one who leads the defendant to court]], with cognates such as [[lt|vãdas|t=guarantee, surety]].^(de Vaan 2008) Varro derived it from [[m|la|praestō|t=to vouch for]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus;^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) the TLL cites the ''Menaechmi''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a person who gives security for payment or for the fulfilment of a contract;^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note it is used in money matters, while ''vas'' is a surety in general,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Döderlein says ''praes'' guarantees a claim of the state, ''vas'' a party's appearance in court.^(Döderlein 1874) In the phrase ''praedēs praediaque'' guarantors and their land together are the security, as in an inscription with the plural ''praevidēs''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Figuratively it is a guarantee: in Curtius Rufus a speaker calls his soldiers' courage his surety for what he is about to do.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro derives it from ''praestāre''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 1st century AD – Curtius Rufus of courage as a guarantee.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|surety]], [[m|en|bondsman]] (for a payment or contract, especially to the state); ''praedēs praediaque'', guarantors and their property.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A [[m|en|guarantee]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[compraes]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vas]]

+ * [[praedium]]

+ * [[vadimōnium]]

+ * [[sponsor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Plautus has a separate adverb ''praes'', "at hand, ready", made from [[prae]]: in the ''Persa'' something is ready for you there.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}