induro Latin · revision 33080

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=43 BC–18 AD, Ovid|origins=ine-pro *duh₂-ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪnˈduː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [inˈduː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''indūrō''' (present infinitive indūrāre, perfect active indūrāvī, supine indūrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a verb [[af|la|in-|dūrus|-ō|t2=hard]].^(OLD 2012) De Vaan traces [[m|la|dūrus]] to [[itc-pro|*dūro-]] and [[ine-pro|*duh₂-ro-|t=far, long]], comparing [[sa|दूर|tr=dūrá-|t=far, distant]] and [[grc|δηρός|tr=dērós|t=long]]; the sense "hard" must have grown from "lasting".^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citations are Ovid's, of a face hardened with horn in the ''Metamorphoses'', and of the north wind hardening the snow.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short call it poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It means to make hard: Pliny the Elder has boars hardening their sides by rubbing against trees.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also means to toughen in body or character, as Celsus' young men once age has hardened them,^(OLD 2012) and to make a person stubborn or a vice inveterate: Seneca urges a friend to steel himself against such things.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Vultum indūrāre'' is to set one's face: Tacitus describes the crowd's cries as Otho changed or hardened his expression.^(OLD 2012) Etymonline says that in Late Latin it meant to harden the heart against, the source of Old French ''endurer'' and English [[m|en|endure]].^(Etymonline) Stelten gives "dry up, harden" for Church Latin.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of a face hardened with horn.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of young men toughened by age.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of steeling oneself.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of Otho hardening his face.^(OLD 2012)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|endure]], through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1590s – [[m|en|indurate]] appears in English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make [[m|en|hard]], harden;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''(intransitive)'' to become hard.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make robust, [[m|en|toughen]] (in body or character).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To make stubborn or inflexible; to make (a vice) inveterate;^(OLD 2012) ''vultum indūrāre'', to set one's face.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[indūrēscō]]

+ * [[indūrātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrēscō]]

+ * [[dūrō]]

+ * [[dūrus]]

+ * [[en|endure]]

+ * [[en|indurate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}