inexpugnabilis Latin · revision 33071

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la expugnō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪ.nɛk.spʊŋˈnaː.bɪ.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [i.nek.spuɲˈɲaː.bi.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''inexpugnābilis''' (neuter inexpugnābile); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|in-|expugnābilis|t1=not|t2=that can be taken by storm]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The TLL takes it as modelled on words such as [[grc|ἄμαχος|tr=ámakhos|t=unconquerable]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it from Cicero and Livy on.^(TLL) Cicero calls a man unconquerable in the ''Tusculan Disputations''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of towns and fortifications it means impregnable:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Livy has an impregnable citadel and towns, and says that no place is proof against Roman courage.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Velleius Paterculus uses it of Dalmatian peoples almost unassailable in their mountains.^(OLD 2012) Of things it means proof against force: Ovid has a weed that cannot be rooted out, and Pliny the Elder ground that cannot be penetrated.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is unconquerable, as Valerius Maximus' unshakeable constancy of Caesar, or proof against persuasion, as in the ''Octavia''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of an unconquerable man.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of an impregnable citadel.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of a weed.^(OLD 2012)

+ * c. 20 BC–30 AD – Velleius Paterculus of mountain peoples.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # That cannot be taken by storm, [[m|en|impregnable]]; unassailable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Proof against force, indestructible; impenetrable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|unconquerable|alt=Unconquerable]], unshakeable; proof against persuasion.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[expugnō]]

+ * [[expugnābilis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}