torquis Latin · revision 32912

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *torkʷ-eie-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtɔr.kʷɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtɔr.kʷis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''torquis''' ''f'' (genitive torquis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The OLD enters it as ''torquēs'', masculine and sometimes feminine;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''torquis'' appears in Naevius, Livy and Propertius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler lists ''torcēs'' and other spellings.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed on the root of [[torqueo|alt=torqueō]] “to twist”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|torqueō]] to [[itc-pro|*torkʷ-eie-|t=to twist]] and the causative [[ine-pro|*torkʷ-eie-|t=to twist]], comparing [[hit|tar(k)u-|t=to dance]] and [[sa|तर्कु|tr=tarku-|t=spindle]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus;^(Köbler 2010) Naevius has the form ''torquis'', and Varro's ''Menippean Satires'' the feminine plural.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a collar or necklace of twisted metal, worn especially as a military ornament or award: Varro has golden ones, and Horace has booty added to slender collars.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil uses it of the yoke-collar joining a pair of oxen, and of wreaths on altars.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder has a bird green all over except for a red ring on its neck, and Manilius the huge coils of a sea monster.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin glosses it collar, necklace, wreath, ring or chain.^(Stelten 1995) English antiquarians have used ''torque'' since 1834 for a twisted metal ornament of this kind.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses the form ''torquis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of golden collars.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of yoke-collars and wreaths.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of a ring on a bird's neck.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1834 – English antiquarians adopt ''torque''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|collar]] or [[m|en|necklace]] of twisted metal, often a military decoration; a [[m|en|torque]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A yoke-collar for oxen.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A collar-like marking; a ring, wreath, coil.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[torquātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[torqueo|alt=torqueō]]

+ * [[en|torque]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}