phalerae Latin · revision 32890

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=grc φάλαρον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpʰa.ɫɛ.rae̯]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfaː.le.re]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''phalerae''' ''f pl'' (genitive phalerārum); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ There is also a neuter plural ''phalera'', ''-ōrum'', in Varro and Pliny the Elder.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is spelled ''fal-'' in Varro and Apuleius and ''pal-'' in an inscription.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|φάλαρα|tr=phálara|t=metal bosses]], the plural of [[m|grc|φάλαρον|tr=phálaron]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler compares [[m|grc|φαλός|tr=phalós|t=white]] and the root [[ine-pro|*bʰel-|t=shining, white]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who in the ''Verrines'' writes of rewarding a man with bosses and a necklace.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a smooth, shining metal disc or boss worn on the breast, especially as a military decoration: Nonius calls them ornaments of war, and an inscription records a squadron of horsemen rewarded with them for bravery.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) It is also the trappings of a horse's forehead and breast: Virgil makes a horse decked with them the winner's prize, and Livy has the silver of the horses' trappings.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gellius uses it of the trappings of elephants.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is embellishment, and Fronto says that in display oratory one must use ornament everywhere.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of military decorations.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a horse decked with trappings.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of the silver of horse trappings.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius of elephants' trappings.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Metal discs or bosses worn on the breast, especially as a military [[m|en|decoration]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Ornamental [[m|en|trappings]] for the forehead and breast of horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Embellishments, [[m|en|ornament]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[phalerātus]]

+ * [[phalero]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}