effrenatus Latin · revision 32741

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=170–c. 90 BC, Accius|origins=itc-pro *frēno-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛf.freːˈnaː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ef.freˈnaː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''effrēnātus''' (feminine effrēnāta, neuter effrēnātum, adverb effrēnātē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''ecfrēnātus''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Used as an adjective, it is the past participle [[der|la|effrēnō|t=to unbridle]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) a verb made from [[m|la|ex-]] and [[m|la|frēnum|t=bridle]].^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan traces [[m|la|frēnum]] to [[itc-pro|*frēno-]] and, tentatively, to [[ine-pro|*dʰr-eh₁-no-|t=holding]], connecting it with [[m|la|frētus|t=relying on]];^(de Vaan 2008) Ernout and Meillet's link with [[m|la|frendō|t=to gnash]], as what horses chew on, he finds possible but less straightforward.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Accius,^(de Vaan 2008) who writes of unbridled shamelessness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means unrestrained, violent, unbridled, of people and their character and, transferred, of feelings.^(OLD 2012) Cicero calls an orator unrestrained and too sharp, writes of men made unruly by success and of unbridled frenzy, and Livy of the lust of Appius Claudius growing more unbridled.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it unbridled, ungoverned, unruly.^(Stelten 1995) Wiktionary gives the adverb ⟨effrēnātē⟩.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of unbridled shamelessness.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of an unrestrained orator and of frenzy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of unbridled lust.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of people or their character, unrestrained, [[m|en|unbridled]], [[m|en|unruly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of feelings, violent, uncontrolled.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frenum|alt=frēnum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}