tumultuor Latin · revision 32726

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *tum-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [tʊˈmʊɫ.tu.ɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tuˈmul.tu.or]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tumultuor''' (present infinitive tumultuārī, perfect active tumultuātus sum); first conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus also has active forms, ''tumultuō''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|tumultus|-ō|t1=commotion, uproar]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan lists it with [[m|la|tumultus]] under [[tumeo|alt=tumeō]] “to swell”: the formation of that noun is unclear, but its meaning suggests that it belongs there; he traces [[m|la|tumeō]] to [[itc-pro|*tum-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*tum-eh₁-|t=to be swelling]], comparing [[lt|tumė́ti|t=to become thick]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) in whom a character says it is not fitting to make an uproar when public affairs are calm and the enemy killed.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to make a commotion or uproar: the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' has “at leisure you are in turmoil, in turmoil at leisure”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Quintilian uses it of teachers who rant without method.^(OLD 2012) Of fighting it is to scrap in a disorderly way: Livy says the Romans had skirmished with the Gauls rather than waged war.^(OLD 2012) Velleius has Pompeius swinging between commander and suppliant.^(OLD 2012) Transitively Pliny the Elder writes that here we throw the human race into turmoil.^(OLD 2012) Specifically it is to riot against public order, as of the Gracchi in Velleius.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of an uproar.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of skirmishing with the Gauls.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 20 BC–30 AD – Velleius of the Gracchi.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of throwing mankind into turmoil.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make a commotion or [[m|en|uproar]], be in confusion; of an orator, to rant.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fight in a disorderly way, [[m|en|skirmish]]; to waver between extremes.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To throw into commotion.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make a disturbance against public order, [[m|en|riot]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tumultus]]

+ * [[tumeo|alt=tumeō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}