animose Latin · revision 32681

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *h₂enh₁-mo-}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''animōsē''' (comparative animōsius, superlative animōsissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|animōsus|-ē|t1=spirited, courageous]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The adjective is formed from [[m|la|animus|t=spirit, mind]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*anamo-|t=breath, spirit]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-mo-|t=breath]], comparing [[osc|anams|t=courage or breath]], [[sga|anim|t=soul]] and [[grc|ἄνεμος|tr=ánemos|t=wind]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who in the ''Philippics'' praises an act done not only courageously and bravely but also with thought and wisdom.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is in a spirited way, courageously, and in a high-minded way: Cicero speaks of living magnificently, gravely and with spirit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also eagerly, keenly: Seneca says a merchant pays his vow more eagerly than a passenger, the ''Digest'' has bidding eagerly at an auction, and Suetonius collecting gems most eagerly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Wiktionary also gives proudly, angrily and passionately.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a courageous act.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of paying a vow eagerly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius of collecting gems.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In a spirited way, [[m|en|courageously]], boldly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In a high-minded way, nobly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|eagerly|alt=Eagerly]], keenly, passionately.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[animōsus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}