piaculum Latin · revision 32664

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *puH-io-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [piˈaː.kʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [piˈaː.ku.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''piāculum''' ''n'' (genitive piāculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Prudentius has the syncopated ''piāclum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|piō|-culum|t1=to appease, expiate]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary reconstructs [[itc-pro|*pīāklom]] from [[xum|pihaclu]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives that Umbrian word for a peace offering from ⟨*piā-tlo-⟩, and traces [[m|la|pius|t=dutiful]] to [[ine-pro|*puH-io-|t=purifying]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Ennius and lists the laws of the kings.^(Köbler 2010) In the OLD's earliest quotation Cato prescribes a pig as an expiatory victim.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a victim offered in atonement, then a rite of expiation: Virgil has crimes left unatoned.^(OLD 2012) Livy uses it of an act of atonement exacted from those who violated a temple.^(OLD 2012) It is also an act that calls for expiation, a sin: in Plautus it is a sin to pity men who manage badly.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder uses it of disasters that call for expiatory rites.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it sin offering, remedy, punishment, sin, crime, guilt.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a sin.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of a pig as an expiatory victim.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of unatoned crimes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An expiatory [[m|en|victim]], [[m|en|sin offering]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A rite of expiation; an act of [[m|en|atonement]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An act that demands expiation, a [[m|en|sin]], crime; a disaster calling for expiation.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[piāculāris]]

+ * [[piāculō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pio|alt=piō]]

+ * [[pius]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}