refreno Latin · revision 32621

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=ine-pro *dʰr-eh₁-no-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [rɛˈfreː.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [reˈfrɛː.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''refrēnō''' (present infinitive refrēnāre, perfect active refrēnāvī, supine refrēnātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|re-|frēnō|t2=to bridle]], a verb from [[m|la|frēnum|t=bridle]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) De Vaan traces [[m|la|frēnum]] to [[itc-pro|*frēno-]] and [[ine-pro|*dʰr-eh₁-no-|t=holding]], linking it with [[m|la|frētus|t=relying on]].^(de Vaan 2008) He finds Ernout and Meillet's derivation from the root of [[m|la|frendō|t=to gnash]], as what horses chew on, possible but not straightforward.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Varro.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) In his Menippean satires laughter is held back.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense, to rein in a horse, is in Curtius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) More often it is to hold back or curb things that move: Lucretius has the will reining in matter throughout the limbs, and Nepos checking an attack.^(OLD 2012) Cicero writes that youth must be curbed and restrained by everyone's efforts.^(OLD 2012) The elder Seneca has the spelling ⟨refraen-⟩,^(OLD 2012) and Lucretius scans the first syllable short five times.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it to check, restrain, refrain.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|refrain]] comes from it through Old French, from the mid-14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of holding back laughter.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the will reining in matter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of curbing youth.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Curtius of reining in horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English [[m|en|refrain|alt=refrain]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To rein in a horse.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To hold back, [[m|en|curb]], check, [[m|en|restrain]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[refrēnātiō]]

+ * [[refrēnus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frenum|alt=frēnum]]

+ * [[freno|alt=frēnō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}