propugnaculum Latin · revision 32559

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la pugnō}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōpugnāculum''' ''n'' (genitive prōpugnāculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prōpugnō|-culum|t1=to fight in defence]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) [[m|la|prōpugnō]] is from [[m|la|pugnō|t=to fight]]; de Vaan treats [[m|la|pugna]] and [[m|la|pugnus|t=fist]] under [[m|la|pungō|t=to prick]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*pung-|t=to pierce, sting]].^(de Vaan 2008) Isidore and Servius also derive it from [[m|la|prōpugnō]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero, who calls a fleet the bulwark of Sicily.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a bulwark, tower, rampart or fortress: Virgil has bridges and bulwarks joined, and Tacitus walls strengthened and bulwarks added.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Abstractly it is protection: Celsus writes that the brain has more protection in the bone than without it.^(OLD 2012) In argument it is a defence: Cicero means to drive his opponent from the position from which he expects to meet all attacks.^(OLD 2012) Glossaries explain it as a tower.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it bulwark, rampart.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a fleet and of a defence in argument.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of bulwarks.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of the protection of the brain.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of bulwarks added to walls.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|bulwark]], [[m|en|rampart]], fortress, defence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Protection.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A defence in argument.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[propugno|alt=prōpugnō]]

+ * [[pugno|alt=pugnō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}