dure Latin · revision 32517

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *du(e)h₂-ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈduː.reː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈduː.re]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dūrē''' (comparative dūrius, superlative dūrissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|dūrus|-ē|t1=hard]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|dūrus]] to [[itc-pro|*dūro-]] and [[ine-pro|*du(e)h₂-ro-|t=far, long]], comparing [[sa|दूर|tr=dūrá-|t=far, distant]] and [[grc|δηρός|tr=dērós|t=long]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero, who writes that someone seemed to take a matter more coolly than he wished.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means harshly, without pity, and coolly or unsympathetically, as in Cicero's letter.^(OLD 2012) Cicero also uses it of style, of a metaphor that is clumsy or uncouth.^(OLD 2012) Columella says that hens do not easily grow fat if they sit on a hard surface, and Vitruvius that shorter arms of a machine are drawn back with more difficulty.^(OLD 2012) Propertius says that nothing lives more wretchedly than a lover.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a cool reception and of clumsy style.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of working with difficulty.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of hens sitting hard.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In hard conditions, on a hard surface.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|harshly|alt=Harshly]], severely, without pity; coolly, unsympathetically.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Clumsily, uncouthly; [[m|en|stiffly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With difficulty, laboriously.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Wretchedly, unpleasantly.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrābilis]]

+ * [[dūrēscō]]

+ * [[dūritās]]

+ * [[dūriter]]

+ * [[dūritia]]

+ * [[dūrō]]

+ * [[dūrus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}