retorqueo Latin · revision 32490

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *torkʷ-eie-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [rɛˈtɔr.kʷe.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [reˈtɔr.kʷe.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''retorqueō''' (present infinitive retorquēre, perfect active retorsī, supine retortum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|re-|torqueō|t1=back|t2=to twist]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|torqueō]] to [[itc-pro|*torkw-eie-|t=to twist]] and [[ine-pro|*torkʷ-eie-|t=to twist]], a causative, and compares [[hit|tar(k)u-zi|t=to dance]] and [[txb|tärk-|t=to turn]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Among the OLD's earliest examples is Cicero, who says that a defeated enemy surely often turns his eyes back towards the city.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to twist round or wrench back: Horace has seen citizens' arms twisted behind their backs, and Ovid a snake bending its head back.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to reverse a course, as the Maeander turning its waters back on themselves, and figuratively to cast one's gaze or thoughts back, or to change one's mind, as Juno does in Virgil.^(OLD 2012) It is also to fling back, especially a missile at the thrower, and so to retort an argument or charge.^(OLD 2012) Caesar uses it of an army column turning aside to the right.^(OLD 2012) The perfect participle describes things bent back on themselves and curly hair.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of eyes turned back to the city.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of a column turning aside.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of arms twisted back.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1550s – English [[m|en|retort]] comes from its participle, partly through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To twist or bend back, wrench back.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To turn back, reverse the course of; to cast the eyes or thoughts back; to change one's purpose.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|fling]] back; to throw back a missile, [[m|en|retort]] a charge or argument.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|deflect]], turn aside; to avert.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[irretortus]]

+ * [[retorta]]

+ * [[retortus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[contorqueō]]

+ * [[dētorqueō]]

+ * [[extorqueō]]

+ * [[torqueo|alt=torqueō]]

+ * [[en|retort]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}