pugnax Latin · revision 32432

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *pu-n(e)-g/k-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpʊŋ.naːks]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpuɲ.ɲaks]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pugnāx''' (genitive pugnācis, adverb pugnāciter); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|pugnō|-āx|t1=to fight]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan derives [[m|la|pugnō]] from [[m|la|pugna|t=fight]] and [[m|la|pugnus|t=fist]], which belong with [[m|la|pungō|t=to prick]]; he traces them to [[itc-pro|*puk/g-n(o)-|t=fist]] and [[ine-pro|*pu-n(e)-g/k-]], comparing [[grc|πύξ|tr=púx|t=with the fist]] and [[m|grc|πυγμή|tr=pugmḗ|t=fist, boxing]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Cicero, Horace and Livy;^(TLL)^(OLD 2012) Cicero speaks of a combative and keen general.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It describes people eager to fight, combative or warlike: Cicero has combative centurions, Ovid a warlike Minerva and Horace the fighting Achaeans.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Propertius uses it of the spears of the Medes, and it is also used of natural forces and of fiery wine.^(OLD 2012) Of style it is contentious or polemical: Cicero speaks of a vehement and combative opening to a speech.^(OLD 2012) The comparative appears from Cicero and Pollio, and Quintilian also has it.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it contentious, fighting.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a combative general and an aggressive opening.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of the fighting Achaeans.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 57/46–12 BC – Propertius of the spears of the Medes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Eager to fight, [[m|en|combative]], [[m|en|pugnacious]], aggressive, warlike.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of things, fierce; of wine, fiery.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Of style, [[m|en|contentious]], polemical.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perpugnax]]

+ * [[pugnācitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pugno|alt=pugnō]]

+ * [[pugna]]

+ * [[en|pugnacious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}