properus Latin · revision 32426

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=back-formation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=la properō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈprɔ.pɛ.rʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈprɔː.pe.rus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''properus''' (feminine propera, neuter properum, adverb properē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription has a nominative plural ''properēs''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is uncertain.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The TLL takes it as a back-formation [[der|la|properō|t=to hurry]], and suggests that the adverb [[m|la|properē]] may have been formed first;^(TLL) Servius' commentator already derived it from the verb.^(TLL) De Vaan reports Panagl-Lindner's view that [[m|la|properō]] is an old compound *prō-parāre "to bring to the fore", and properus a back-formation from it.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler likewise mentions *pro-parāre, after Walde and Hofmann, and Lewis & Short connect it with [[m|la|parō|t=to prepare]].^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cato has it first, of the third march out of camp being quick and hasty.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) Festus reports Cato as evidence that the ancients used it for quick and energetic.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It describes people acting in haste, as Virgil's charioteers standing ready, and actions that are hurried or early.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Seneca uses it of a hurried step.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short find it mostly in poetry and post-Augustan prose.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of a hasty march.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of hasty charioteers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca the Younger of a hurried step.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Acting with [[m|en|haste]], quick, [[m|en|speedy]]; of events, hurried, early.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Moving in haste, hurried.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[improperus]]

+ * [[praeproperus]]

+ * [[properipēs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[propero|alt=properō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein groups it with [[festinus|alt=festīnus]]: both express haste as the will to reach a goal in the shortest time, as opposed to [[segnis]], while [[citus]] and [[celer]] express mere quick motion.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}