freno Latin · revision 32361

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *dʰr-eh₁-no-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈfreː.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfrɛː.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''frēnō''' (present infinitive frēnāre, perfect active frēnāvī, supine frēnātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''fraenō'';^(Lewis & Short 1879) Prudentius has the archaic passive infinitive ''frēnārier''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|frēnum|-ō|t1=bridle]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|frēnum]] to [[itc-pro|*frēno-]] and [[ine-pro|*dʰr-eh₁-no-|t=holding]];^(de Vaan 2008) Ernout and Meillet's link with [[m|la|frendō]], as what the horses chew on, he finds possible but not straightforward.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cicero uses it of curbing a man's frenzy that neither laws nor courts could check.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to fit horses with a bridle, or to control them with one: Livy has horsemen holding their horses bridled and saddled, and the TLL notes that the participle frēnātus, bridled, appears early and may have been formed directly from the noun.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Poets extend it to steering a ship and to checking the course of moving things, as Virgil's winter that curbs the rivers with ice.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to keep in check, curb or govern a person or his impulses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short note that it is mostly poetic.^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Church Latin it is to bridle.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of curbing frenzy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of ice curbing rivers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of bridled horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|bridle]], control with a bridle; to steer a ship.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To check the course of; to block an entrance.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|curb]], [[m|en|restrain]], govern.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfrēnātus]]

+ * [[effrēnō]]

+ * [[frēnātor]]

+ * [[infrēnātus]]

+ * [[īnfrēnō]]

+ * [[offrēnō]]

+ * [[refrēnō]]

+ * [[frenatio]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}