pio Latin · revision 32347

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *puH-io-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpi.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpiː.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''piō''' (present infinitive piāre, perfect active piāvī, supine piātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|pius|-ō|t1=dutiful, pious]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|pius]] to [[itc-pro|*pwījo-]] and [[ine-pro|*puH-io-|t=purifying]], though the exact sound changes are disputed.^(de Vaan 2008) Umbrian has a matching verb, [[xum|pihatu|t=to reconcile]], which de Vaan explains as a denominative [[itc-pro|*piā-]] to the same adjective.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has it first, in the ''Asinaria'', in a pun: “where am I to propitiate Piety?”^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to propitiate a god, or anything thought to hold a supernatural power, by sacrifice: Virgil's neighbouring peoples will appease the bones of the dead, and Propertius honours altars with incense.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Cicero's laws it is to avert lightning and portents by expiation.^(OLD 2012) Plautus also uses it of having a madman purified, and Virgil of expiating a crime by the death of the wretched.^(OLD 2012) In Nonius it is explained by [[expio|alt=expiō]] and [[consecro|alt=cōnsecrō]], and once oddly as defiling.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of propitiating Piety and of purifying a madman.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of expiating lightning in his laws.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of appeasing the dead and of expiating a crime.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|propitiate]], [[m|en|appease]] a god or the dead by sacrifice; to honour with religious rites.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To avert by expiation; to perform expiatory rites.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To cleanse by expiation, [[m|en|purify]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|expiate]] an offence.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[expiō]]

+ * [[piābilis]]

+ * [[piāculum]]

+ * [[piāmen]]

+ * [[piāmentum]]

+ * [[piātiō]]

+ * [[piātor]]

+ * [[piātrix]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}