excrucio Latin · revision 32233

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la crux}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈskrʊ.ki.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ekˈskruː.t͡ʃi.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''excruciō''' (present infinitive excruciāre, perfect active excruciāvī, supine excruciātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Terence has the archaic passive infinitive ''excruciārier''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|cruciō|t1=thoroughly|t2=to torture]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|cruciō]] from [[m|la|crux|t=cross, gallows]], and leaves the origin of [[m|la|crux]] open, perhaps [[itc-pro|*kruk(-i)-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) whose ''Miles Gloriosus'' has a slave cry “I'm done for! My master will torture me”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to torture or torment, both physically and mentally.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Caesar uses it of slaves tortured with hunger and chains.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of the mind it means to rack, plague or distress, as Cicero writes to his wife that her misery torments him as much as his own.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tertullian uses it of extorting by torture.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) English [[m|en|excruciate]] (1560s) is from its participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a slave's fear of torture.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence has the infinitive ''excruciārier''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of slaves tortured with hunger and chains.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1560s – English [[m|en|excruciate]] is formed from its participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|torture]], torment greatly, rack.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To torment mentally, plague, distress, [[m|en|vex]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To force out by torture, [[m|en|extort]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[excruciābilis]]

+ * [[excruciatio]]

+ * [[excruciator]]

+ * [[excruciatus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crucio|alt=cruciō]]

+ * [[crux]]

+ * [[en|excruciate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}