squalidus Latin · revision 32220

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=la squāleō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈskʷaː.lɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈskʷaː.li.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''squālidus''' (feminine squālida, neuter squālidum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|squāleō|-idus|t1=to be rough, be filthy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Etymonline relates it to [[m|la|squālus|t=filthy]] and [[m|la|squālor|t=filth]], and to a verb meaning to be covered with a rough, stiff layer.^(Etymonline) Köbler refers it to [[m|la|squālus]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first examples are in Ennius' tragedy, of a filthy robe, and in Accius, of a serpent's scales interwoven with rough gold and purple.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates it from Accius.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is stiff or rough, as Lucretius' rough bodies and limbs;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short call this sense early.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero uses it figuratively of rough, harsh subjects that need polish of style.^(OLD 2012) The common sense is coated with dirt or filthy, and so murky, as Seneca's sun rising sad behind a dark cloud.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of land it means waste or barren, as Manilius' fields lamented by deceived farmers.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it rough, unpolished, squalid, foul.^(Stelten 1995) English ''squalid'' dates from the 1590s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of a filthy robe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of rough gold.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of rough bodies.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of harsh subjects.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1590s – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|squalid]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Rough, stiff; figuratively, harsh.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Coated with dirt, filthy, [[m|en|squalid]]; murky.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of land, waste, [[m|en|barren]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[squaliditas]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[squaleo|alt=squāleō]]

+ * [[squalor|alt=squālor]]

+ * [[en|squalid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}