tympanum Latin · revision 32203

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=grc τύμπανον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtym.pa.nũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtim.pa.num]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tympanum''' ''n'' (genitive tympanī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The form ''typanum'' occurs in Varro, Catullus and Maecenas, all in galliambic verse.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|τύμπανον|tr=túmpanon|t=kettledrum, drum]], also ⟨τύπανον⟩, from [[m|grc|τύπτω|tr=túptō|t=to strike, beat]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Köbler gives the PIE root as [[ine-pro|*(s)teup-|t=to push, strike]], or alternatively compares an Assyrian word.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus;^(Köbler 2010) in the ''Poenulus'' a speaker is asked why he did not bring a tambourine while talking like that, as something effeminate.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a small drum or tambourine, especially as beaten by the priests of Cybele, as in Lucretius, Catullus' Attis, Virgil and Ovid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From the shape it is a drum or revolving cylinder in machines, as Lucretius' lifting gear with pulleys and drums, a float in Vitruvius' water organ, and a solid wheel for carts in Virgil.^(OLD 2012) In architecture Vitruvius uses it of the face of a pediment and the panel of a door;^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder, after Fenestella, uses it of a kind of round table.^(OLD 2012) Afranius seems to use it of a dropsical swelling.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Church Latin it is a drum or timbrel, and in medieval Latin also a bell.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976) In the 16th century the anatomist Gabriele Falloppio used ''tympanum'' of the eardrum, and English took it in that sense in the 1610s;^(Etymonline) Italian ''timpani'' comes from it too.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a tambourine as effeminate.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the drums of Cybele's priests and of lifting machines.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of solid cart wheels.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of the face of a pediment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1610s – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|tympanum]], the eardrum.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A small [[m|en|drum]], [[m|en|tambourine]], especially in the worship of Cybele; as something effeminate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A drum or revolving cylinder in machines; a float in a valve; a solid wheel.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(architecture)'' The face of a [[m|en|pediment]]; the panel of a door.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A kind of round table.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A dropsical swelling.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A bell.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(New Latin)'' The [[m|en|eardrum]].^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tympanicus]]

+ * [[tympaniolum]]

+ * [[tympanium]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tympanista]]

+ * [[tympanistria]]

+ * [[tympanītēs]]

+ * [[tympanīticus]]

+ * [[tympanīzans]]

+ * [[tympanotriba]]

+ * [[tympanizo|alt=tympanizō]]

+ * [[en|tympanum]]

+ * [[en|timpani]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}