crucio Latin · revision 32190

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *kruk(-i)-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkrʊ.ki.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkruː.t͡ʃi.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cruciō''' (present infinitive cruciāre, perfect active cruciāvī, supine cruciātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|crux|-ō|t1=cross, gallows]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) Leumann explained its suffix from the dative ⟨crucī⟩; de Vaan reconstructs [[itc-pro|*kruk(-i)-]] for the noun, perhaps an old i-stem, and compares Celtic and Germanic words for a heap, hill or back, while doubting that they belong together.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate, if so, with [[sga|crúach|t=heap, hill]] and [[non|hryggr|t=backbone]].^(de Vaan 2008) A late grammarian notes that it ought to be of the fourth conjugation but is used in the first.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL dates it from Plautus,^(TLL) whose ''Asinaria'' has a woman who tortured her innocent maids.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short note that the sense to crucify is found only in Church Latin, as in Lactantius; otherwise it means to torture or torment.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is used of physical torture, of rough treatment of things, as Pliny the Elder's copper heated and quenched in salt and vinegar, and of pain from disease or hunger, as Plautus' traveller racked by a jolting nag and Cicero's man tormented by sleeplessness and hunger.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Most often it is mental anguish: Terence's Chremes severely torments the young man.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it torment, torture, crucify.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of torturing maids.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of mental torment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of torment by hunger.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of copper treated roughly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|torture]]; intransitively, to suffer torture; of things, to treat roughly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of disease or hunger, to cause acute pain, [[m|en|torment]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To cause mental anguish; in the passive, to be distressed.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To [[m|en|crucify]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[concruciō]]

+ * [[cruciābilis]]

+ * [[cruciābundus]]

+ * [[cruciāmen]]

+ * [[cruciāmentum]]

+ * [[cruciātiō]]

+ * [[cruciator]]

+ * [[cruciātus]]

+ * [[discruciō]]

+ * [[excruciō]]

+ * [[percruciō]]

+ * [[cruciābilitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crux]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}