hordeum Latin · revision 32175

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʰ(e/o)rsd-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈhɔr.de.ũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɔr.de.um]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hordeum''' ''n'' (genitive hordeī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''ordeum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Quintilian cites ''fordeum'' as archaic, and censures the collective plural.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χor(s)d-ejo-|t=barley]], a stem with an adjectival suffix.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan connects it with the Greek, Albanian and Germanic words for barley or grain, and perhaps with Armenian and Hittite words for wheat, but finds it hard to derive them all from one preform;^(de Vaan 2008) Latin and Germanic can go back to [[ine-pro|*gʰ(e/o)rsd-]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|κριθή|tr=krithḗ|t=barley]], [[sq|drithë|t=cereal, grain]], [[goh|gersta|t=barley]] and [[hit|karaš-|t=wheat, emmer]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan takes the dialect form ⟨fordeum⟩ as a hypercorrect spelling with /f/.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary relates it to [[m|la|horreō|t=to bristle]], after the long awns of the ear.^(Wiktionary) Varro derived the word from bristling, and Isidore from its drying before other grain.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) whose ''Asinaria'' has “I'll cut your barley if you don't trot”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is barley, the plant or its grain, in Cato, Varro and Columella on farming, Livy and Suetonius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Virgil uses the plural, which Quintilian later censured.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Celsus uses it of a barleycorn, the small swelling on the eyelid that the Greeks named after barley.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin keeps the sense barley.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler finds it in many medieval texts, from the law codes to the charters.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a barley ration.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato on farming.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of a swelling on the eyelid.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian cites ''fordeum'' as archaic.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|barley|alt=Barley]], the plant or its grain.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A barleycorn; a small swelling on the eyelid, a [[m|en|sty]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hordeāceus]]

+ * [[hordeārius]]

+ * [[hordeius]]

+ * [[hordeolus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horreo|alt=horreō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}