lugubris Latin · revision 32162

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *loug-eie-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɫuː.ɡʊ.brɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈluː.ɡu.bris]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lūgubris''' (neuter lūgubre, adverb lūgubre or lūgubriter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[der|la|lūgeō|t=to mourn]], probably from a stem ⟨*lugos-ri-⟩ built on an s-stem noun, with /sr/ becoming /br/ as in [[m|la|fūnebris|t=funereal]].^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the verb to [[itc-pro|*loug-eje-]] and [[ine-pro|*loug-eie-|t=to swallow, gasp]], comparing [[grc|λύζω|tr=lúzō|t=to hiccup, sob]]; others connect it with a root [[m|ine-pro|*leug-|t=to break]], since breaking and mourning are often linked.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Ennius,^(Köbler 2010) whose tragedy speaks of one girt with a mourning robe.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means indicative of mourning, as mourning dress in Terence and Tacitus, and the neuter plural is mourning garments; laments are doleful, as Cicero's lament over the dead, and people mourning, as Livy's houses in mourning for lost children.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of events it means sad or grievous, as in Plautus' ''Cistellaria'', where a household would die of grievous hunger, and of omens gloomy or sinister, as Horace's Troy reborn under an ill-omened bird.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) English ''lugubrious'' (about 1600) is formed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of a mourning robe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of grievous hunger.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of laments over the dead.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of a sinister omen.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – English [[m|en|lugubrious]] is formed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of [[m|en|mourning]]; as a neuter plural noun, mourning garments.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of laments, doleful, [[m|en|plaintive]]; of persons, mourning.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Sad, grievous; of omens, gloomy, [[m|en|sinister]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[lūgubrē]]

+ * [[lūgubriter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lugeo|alt=lūgeō]]

+ * [[luctus|alt=lūctus]]

+ * [[en|lugubrious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}