duritia Latin · revision 32133

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *du(e)h₂-ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [duːˈrɪ.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [duˈrit.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dūritia''' ''f'' (genitive dūritiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ A fifth-declension ''dūritiēs'' is also used, as in Celsus and Ovid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Cato preferred ''dūritūdō''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|dūrus|-itia|t1=hard]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|dūrus]] to [[itc-pro|*dūro-]] and [[ine-pro|*du(e)h₂-ro-|t=far, long]], comparing [[grc|δηρός|tr=dērós|t=long]];^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Etymonline instead derives it from a root [[m|ine-pro|*deru-|t=to be firm]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who in the ''Mostellaria'' speaks of the austerity of discipline and in the ''Asinaria'' of a toughness that wears out the lictors' rods.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense is physical hardness or firmness, as Varro's hard iron collar; in medicine it is a hardening or callus, and ''dūritiēs alvī'' constipation.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder uses it of a harsh flavour in wine.^(OLD 2012) Of conditions it means hardness or rigour, as Tacitus' soldiers complaining of hard labour, and of people endurance or toughness.^(OLD 2012) Morally it is austerity or severity, harshness towards others, as in Propertius, and insensibility of mind;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Cicero says that brutal insensibility imitates patience.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it hardness.^(Stelten 1995) English ''duress'' comes from it through Old French, first in the early 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of austere discipline and of toughness.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of the hardness of iron.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of insensibility.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of hard labour.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 14th century – English [[m|en|duress]] comes from it through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Physical [[m|en|hardness]], firmness;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary) ''(medicine)'' a callus, hardening.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Harshness of flavour.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Hardness, [[m|en|rigour]] of conditions.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Endurance, toughness.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|austerity|alt=Austerity]], severity; harshness towards others.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Insensibility of mind or feeling.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}