gubernaculum Latin · revision 32131

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=grc κυβερνάω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɡʊ.bɛrˈnaː.kʊ.ɫũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ɡu.berˈnaː.ku.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gubernāculum''' ''n'' (genitive gubernāculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The poets always use the contracted ''gubernāclum''.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|gubernō|-culum|t1=to steer]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The verb is [[bor|grc|κυβερνάω|tr=kubernáō|t=to steer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Saalfeld 1874)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who has the contracted form in his translation of Aratus.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the steering oar of a ship, the helm or rudder;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lucretius and Virgil use it.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is above all the helm of the ship of state, and also of an army: Velleius writes that the army was too large to be controlled and ill suited to the helm.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it helm, rudder, and government or management.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero in his translation of Aratus.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has the contracted form.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a ship's helm.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 20 BC–30 AD – Velleius of the helm of an army.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The steering oar of a ship, [[m|en|helm]], [[m|en|rudder]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' The helm of the state; government, [[m|en|management]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[guberno|alt=gubernō]]

+ * [[gubernator|alt=gubernātor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}