extra English · revision 3211

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=clipping|attested=1654}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈek.strə/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably a shortening of [[extraordinary]],^(AHD 2000)^(MWU 2024)^(Hoad 1986) which in the 17th and 18th centuries was used as an adjective, adverb and noun where ''extra'' would be used today,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) perhaps suggested by similar forms in French and German.^(COED 2004)^(SOED 2002) Barnhart notes an earlier use in 1654 of [[la|extrā|t=outside, beyond]] as an adjective, “outside, external”.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As an adjective, “outside, external”: 1654,^(Barnhart 1988) or the 1650s;^(Etymonline) Merriam-Webster gives 1757.^(MWU 2024) The sense “more than usual, additional” is from 1776.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A person engaged for a minor part in a play, or to appear in a crowd scene, is from 1777–78,^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) and a special edition of a newspaper from 1793.^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) Another old word for an actor without lines was supernumerary.^(Etymonline) The adverb, “unusually”, is from 1823.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) “Of superior quality”, as in ''extra binding'', is from 1850.^(OED 1989) In cricket ''extra cover'', a fielding position, is from 1867.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1654 – outside, external.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1776 – additional.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1777–78 – an actor in a minor part.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1793 – a special edition of a newspaper.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1823 – adverb, unusually.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1850 – of superior quality.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # More than is usual or necessary; [[additional]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # For which an additional charge is made.^(AHD)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Something additional, especially an item that costs more.^(AHD)

+ # A person hired for a small part in a film, especially in a crowd scene.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A special edition of a [[newspaper]].^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Unusually; especially: ''extra careful''.^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1988)

+ # In addition: ''pay extra''.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ab extra]]

+ * [[extra cover]]

+ * [[extra point]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[extraordinary]]

+ * [[extra-]]

+ * [[external]]

+ * [[exterior]]

+ * [[supernumerary]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}