vapulo Latin · revision 32105

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *weh₂p-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈwaː.pʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈvaː.pu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vāpulō''' (present infinitive vāpulāre, perfect active vāpulāvī, supine vāpulātum); first conjugation, impersonal in the passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It probably meant first “to cry out in pain”, and is [[inh|ine-pro|*weh₂p-|t=to cry, wail]], probably an onomatopoeic root, with the ending of [[m|la|ēiulō|t=to wail]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The OLD makes it cognate with the Gothic verb for weeping and with [[en|weep]].^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short instead suggested a root meaning to wriggle or flutter.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of being beaten and as a curse, as in the ''Asinaria'', where an exchange of insults ends with “get thrashed!”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is active in form but passive in meaning: to be beaten or thrashed, as Terence's character who says that he by being beaten and the other by beating are both worn out.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In imprecations the imperative is a curse, and ''vāpulā Papīria'' was a proverbial taunt of uncertain meaning.^(OLD 2012) Of things it means to be battered by natural forces, as Varro's olives that shrivel when they have been beaten from the tree.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it means to be afflicted, ruined or defeated, as in Plautus' “I am beaten under the rule of Venus”.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it to be flogged, lashed, afflicted or beaten, and to cry out.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of being beaten, as a curse, and of being afflicted by love.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of being worn out by a beating.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of olives beaten from the tree.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be beaten, [[m|en|thrash|alt=thrashed]] or [[m|en|flog|alt=flogged]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In curses, “be thrashed!”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of things, to be battered by natural forces.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be afflicted, ruined; to be defeated.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vāpulāris]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|weep]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}