protervus Latin · revision 32094

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *pet-os}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [prɔˈtɛr.wʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈtɛr.vus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''protervus''' (feminine proterva, neuter protervum, comparative protervior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling ''proptervus'' occurs in Plautus and Pacuvius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)

+ Plautus, Terence and other early poets apparently scan the first syllable long, later poets short.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[inh|itc-pro|*propetes-wo-|t=rushing forward]], with the regular change of /sw/ to /rw/, as Rix proposed; the TLL explains the older form ⟨proptervus⟩ the same way, the second /p/ being lost by dissimilation.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan takes the preform as a blend of [[m|itc-pro|*pro-petēs|t=inclined, hasty]], matching [[grc|προπετής|tr=propetḗs|t=falling forward, precipitate]], and a [[m|itc-pro|*petes-wo-|t=provided with impetus]], built on [[ine-pro|*pet-os|t=impetus, haste]], the noun of the root of [[m|la|petō|t=to aim at, seek]].^(de Vaan 2008) He finds the older etymologies with a word for wing semantically unsatisfactory; the OLD still gives one, comparing [[m|grc|πτέρυξ|tr=ptérux|t=wing]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Donatus, and Lewis & Short after him, connected it with [[m|la|prōterō|t=to trample down]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who in the ''Bacchides'' joins it with ''petulans'' and ''iracundus'' of a reckless, violent temper.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is bold, violent or reckless, and the poets apply it to winds, as Horace and Ovid do.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From Terence on it also means impudent, shameless or forward, a sense common in classical prose.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Döderlein sets it among the words for offences against modesty: the ''protervus'' sins through impetuosity and haughty recklessness, the ''[[petulans]]'' through wantonness and needless attack, the ''[[procax|alt=prōcāx]]'' through importunity.^(Döderlein 1874) In Church Latin it is glossed stubborn, insolent.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a violent, reckless temper.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius has the older form ⟨proptervus⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence in the sense impudent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of violent winds.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Bold, violent, [[m|en|reckless]]; of winds, violent, [[m|en|vehement]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|impudent|alt=Impudent]], shameless, forward, [[m|en|wanton]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Stubborn, [[m|en|insolent]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[proterviō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[peto|alt=petō]]

+ * [[petulans]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}