penuria Latin · revision 32081

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=190–159 BC, Terence}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [peːˈnuː.ri.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [peˈnuː.ri.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pēnūria''' ''f'' (genitive pēnūriae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''paenuria'' is also found.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to [[m|la|paene|t=almost]], whose stem seems to have meant missing or lacking: de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that adverb, with [[m|la|paeniteō|t=to cause regret]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary) The further origin is uncertain: Pokorny connected a Sanskrit verb meaning to scorn, which does not fit the Latin vowel or the sense well, and Neri proposed a compound meaning “not entirely”, which de Vaan rejects.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Lewis & Short compared [[grc|πένομαι|tr=pénomai|t=to toil]] and [[m|grc|πεῖνα|tr=peîna|t=hunger]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Terence,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who in the ''Adelphoe'' laments that there is now a great shortage of citizens of that kind.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means scarcity, dearth or want, often with a genitive, and especially want of the necessities of life, as Lucretius' want of food.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of places and times it is a lack of material things, as Columella's poverty and bareness of soil, and also a deficiency of abstract things.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin keeps want, need, penury and scarcity.^(Stelten 1995) English borrowed ''penury'' about 1400.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of a shortage of good citizens.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of want of food.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of poor, bare soil.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|penury]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|scarcity|alt=Scarcity]], [[m|en|dearth]], shortage, want.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Lack of material things in a place or time; a deficiency.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[paene]]

+ * [[paeniteo|alt=paeniteō]]

+ * [[en|penury]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short give ''[[inopia]]'' and ''[[egestas|alt=egestās]]'' as near-synonyms.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}