excubo Latin · revision 32069

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=itc-pro *kubā̆je/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɛk.skʊ.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɛk.sku.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''excubō''' (present infinitive excubāre, perfect active excubuī, supine excubitum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|cubō|t2=to lie down]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|cubō]] to [[itc-pro|*kubā̆je/o-|t=to be lying]]; because of its /b/ and its restriction to Italic and Celtic, a Proto-Indo-European origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first example in the OLD is in Cicero, of people spending the night in the shrine of Pasiphae to receive dreams.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense is to lie or sleep out of doors, as Cicero's Spartans told to leave the city and spend the night under arms in the fields;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short call it rare but classical.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Its usual sense is to keep watch or guard, as Caesar's ships on watch at a harbour, and Seneca uses it of the stars keeping their stations.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to be vigilant: Cicero promises to watch and keep awake for the people.^(OLD 2012) Its derivatives [[excubiae]] and [[excubitor]] are words for sentries and watches.^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “keep watch, guard”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of sleeping in a shrine and of vigilance for the state.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of ships keeping watch.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of the stars at their posts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To lie or sleep out of doors, spend the night in the open.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To keep [[m|en|watch]], stand [[m|en|guard]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To be [[m|en|vigilant]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[excubātiō]]

+ * [[excubiae]]

+ * [[excubitor]]

+ * [[excubitorium]]

+ * [[excubitus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cubo|alt=cubō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}