impensa Latin · revision 32040

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la pendō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪmˈpẽː.sa]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [imˈpɛn.sa]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''impēnsa''' ''f'' (genitive impēnsae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''inp-''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the feminine perfect participle of [[m|la|impendō|t=to pay out, spend]] used as a noun, with a word for “sum” or “money” understood, like [[expēnsa]].^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The verb is from [[m|la|in-]] and [[m|la|pendō|t=to weigh out, pay]],^(de Vaan 2008) which goes back to [[itc-pro|*pend-e/o-|t=to hang, weigh]].^(de Vaan 2008) Isidore of Seville derived ⟨pēnsum⟩ “a task weighed out” from ⟨pendere⟩, and saw ⟨pēnsa⟩ and this noun as formed from it.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of a thing done “without labour, without trouble, without expense”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is cost, expenditure or outlay, and in the praetor's edict ''impensam facere'' is to incur an expense;^(OLD 2012) Cicero also uses it of the things money is spent on, calling walls, docks and harbours the better kind of expenses.^(OLD 2012) Virgil extends it to the outlay of effort, “so great an expenditure of labour”.^(OLD 2012) In Petronius it is the materials needed for something, there the things for a sacrifice, and it is also used of building materials.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes it from [[sumptus]]: ''sumptus'' is spending that diminishes one's wealth and borders on extravagance, ''impensae'' spending that serves a purpose and borders on sacrifice.^(Döderlein 1874) In medieval texts it is raw material or an ingredient, and the procurement of supplies.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of cost and of public works as expenses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of the outlay of labour.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius of the materials for a sacrifice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore of Seville links it with ''pēnsum''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Middle Ages – Of raw materials and supplies.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|cost|alt=Cost]], [[m|en|expense]], outlay;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''impensam facere'', to incur an expense.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Outlay of effort or other resources.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|material|alt=Materials]], especially building materials.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Raw material, an [[m|en|ingredient]]; procurement.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[impendo|alt=impendō]]

+ * [[pendo|alt=pendō]]

+ * [[sumptus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}