superbe Latin · revision 32006

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la super}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''superbē''' (comparative superbius, superlative superbissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|superbus|-ē|t1=proud, haughty]], the adverb of the adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The OLD analyses [[m|la|superbus]] as [[m|la|super-]] with the suffix of [[m|la|probus]], from the root [[ine-pro|*bʰeu-|t=to grow]] seen in [[m|la|sum|alt=fuī]],^(OLD 2012) while Wiktionary derives it from [[itc-pro|*superiðos]], that is [[m|la|super|t=above]] and [[m|la|-idus]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who has the comparative of envoys being addressed too haughtily.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means proudly, haughtily or disdainfully.^(OLD 2012) Caesar joins it with cruelty of ruling, and Livy and Tacitus use it of insolent speech and conduct;^(Georges 1913) Tacitus has the comparative of receiving someone's prayers too haughtily.^(Georges 1913) Cicero has the superlative of rejecting decrees and prayers most disdainfully, and it is still used in Lactantius.^(Georges 1913) Wiktionary also gives the good sense “proudly, splendidly, magnificently”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of envoys addressed haughtily.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of ruling proudly and cruelly.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of insolent mockery.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of prayers haughtily received.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|proudly|alt=Proudly]], [[m|en|haughtily]], [[m|en|disdainfully]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In a good sense, splendidly, magnificently.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[superbia]]

+ * [[superbiō]]

+ * [[superbiter]]

+ * [[superbus]]

+ * [[super]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}